Microcytic and Hypochromic Red Cells - Revision history

John at 17:22, 26 March 2023

2023-03-26T17:22:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:22, 26 March 2023
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	<span style="font-style:italic; font-size:90%;'' >		<span style="font-style:italic; font-size:90%;'' >
	'''Clinical Image 4:''' Hypochromic microcytic red cells Note the variability in size although in most cases this is clearly reduced compared with the nucleus of the lymphocyte the hypochromia is much more difficult to detect as many of the cells are target cells; however, the rim of haemoglobin is very narrow. There is a single polychromatic cell and the edge of a nucleated red cell can be seen. Clinical condition: thalassaemia intermedia		'''Clinical Image 3:''' Hypochromic microcytic red cells Note the variability in size although in most cases this is clearly reduced compared with the nucleus of the lymphocyte the hypochromia is much more difficult to detect as many of the cells are target cells; however, the rim of haemoglobin is very narrow. There is a single polychromatic cell and the edge of a nucleated red cell can be seen. Clinical condition: thalassaemia intermedia
	</span>		</span>

John at 15:45, 20 March 2023

2023-03-20T15:45:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:45, 20 March 2023
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	<span style="font-style:italic; font-size:90%;'' >		<span style="font-style:italic; font-size:90%;'' >
	'''Images''' The area of pallor in the center of the cell extends almost to the edge of the cell. The hypochromia indicates a reduced hemoglobin content. Hypochromatic cells are also generally small in size (microcytic). Note the small size (compare with the nucleus of the small lymphocyte) ~~on the image~~.		'''Images''' The area of pallor in the center of the cell extends almost to the edge of the cell. The hypochromia indicates a reduced hemoglobin content. Hypochromatic cells are also generally small in size (microcytic). Note the small size (compare with the nucleus of the small lymphocyte).

John at 12:03, 20 March 2023

2023-03-20T12:03:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:03, 20 March 2023
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	<span style="font-style:italic; font-size:90%;'' >		<span style="font-style:italic; font-size:90%;'' >
	'''Clinical Image 2: Hypochromic microcytic red cells In this case the overall staining and background is more grey in shade; however the appearance is otherwise identical to the previous example. Two elongated pencil cells are also shown. Clinical condition: iron deficiency		'''Clinical Image 2''': Hypochromic microcytic red cells In this case the overall staining and background is more grey in shade; however the appearance is otherwise identical to the previous example. Two elongated pencil cells are also shown. Clinical condition: iron deficiency
	</span>		</span>


	~~'''Clinical Image 3~~:''' Hypochromic microcytic red cells Note the variability in size although in most cases this is clearly reduced compared with the nucleus of the lymphocyte the hypochromia is much more difficult to detect as many of the cells are target cells; however, the rim of haemoglobin is very narrow. ~~There is a single polychromatic cell and the edge of a nucleated red cell can be seen~~. ~~Clinical condition: thalassaemia intermedia~~		<gallery widths="250px" heights="250px" >
			File:HypoC5.jpg\|link={{filepath:HypoC5.jpg}}
			</gallery>


			<span style="font-style:italic; font-size:90%;'' >
			'''Clinical Image 4:''' Hypochromic microcytic red cells Note the variability in size although in most cases this is clearly reduced compared with the nucleus of the lymphocyte the hypochromia is much more difficult to detect as many of the cells are target cells; however, the rim of haemoglobin is very narrow. There is a single polychromatic cell and the edge of a nucleated red cell can be seen. Clinical condition: thalassaemia intermedia
			</span>

			----

	'''Pathobiology'''		'''Pathobiology'''

	The biconcave disk shape of erythrocytes means that when flattened on a glass slide the central area of the cell appears pale; when the haemoglobin content of a red cell is reduced this pale area becomes more extensive. Reduced cellular haemoglobin generally arises either from reduced haem formation (particularly iron deficiency) or from reduced globin chain synthesis (thalassaemia).		The biconcave disk shape of erythrocytes means that when flattened on a glass slide the central area of the cell appears pale; when the haemoglobin content of a red cell is reduced this pale area becomes more extensive. Reduced cellular haemoglobin generally arises either from reduced haem formation (particularly iron deficiency) or from reduced globin chain synthesis (thalassaemia).

			----

John at 12:02, 20 March 2023

2023-03-20T12:02:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:02, 20 March 2023
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	<gallery widths="250px" heights="250px" >		<gallery widths="250px" heights="250px" >
	File:~~aaa~~.jpg\|link={{filepath:~~aaa~~.jpg}}		File:HypoC3.jpg\|link={{filepath:HypoC3.jpg}}
	</gallery>		</gallery>

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	</span>		</span>

	'''Clinical Image 2:~~'''~~ Hypochromic microcytic red cells In this case the overall staining and background is more grey in shade; however the appearance is otherwise identical to the previous example. Two elongated pencil cells are also shown. Clinical condition: iron deficiency
			<gallery widths="250px" heights="250px" >
			File:HypoC4.jpg\|link={{filepath:HypoC4.jpg}}
			</gallery>


			<span style="font-style:italic; font-size:90%;'' >
			'''Clinical Image 2: Hypochromic microcytic red cells In this case the overall staining and background is more grey in shade; however the appearance is otherwise identical to the previous example. Two elongated pencil cells are also shown. Clinical condition: iron deficiency
			</span>


	'''Clinical Image 3:''' Hypochromic microcytic red cells Note the variability in size although in most cases this is clearly reduced compared with the nucleus of the lymphocyte the hypochromia is much more difficult to detect as many of the cells are target cells; however, the rim of haemoglobin is very narrow. There is a single polychromatic cell and the edge of a nucleated red cell can be seen. Clinical condition: thalassaemia intermedia		'''Clinical Image 3:''' Hypochromic microcytic red cells Note the variability in size although in most cases this is clearly reduced compared with the nucleus of the lymphocyte the hypochromia is much more difficult to detect as many of the cells are target cells; however, the rim of haemoglobin is very narrow. There is a single polychromatic cell and the edge of a nucleated red cell can be seen. Clinical condition: thalassaemia intermedia

John at 12:00, 20 March 2023

2023-03-20T12:00:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:00, 20 March 2023
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	</div>		</div>

			----

			<gallery widths="250px" heights="250px" >
			File:aaa.jpg\|link={{filepath:aaa.jpg}}
			</gallery>

	~~Pathological causes~~
	~~Thalassaemia syndromes: are the principle inherited cause of hypochromia (look for associated features)~~
	~~Other haemoglobinopathies: tend not to be hypochromic unless there is associated thalassaemia or iron deficiency. There may be a mild microcytosis.~~

			<span style="font-style:italic; font-size:90%;'' >
	'''Clinical Image 1:''' Hypochromic microcytic red cells Note the small size in comparison to the nucleus of the small erythrocyte. The erythrocytes are variable in size (anisocytosis); however, the major feature is the hypochromia the area of central pallor extends to around 60-70% of the cell diameter. Clinical condition: iron deficiency		'''Clinical Image 1: ''' Hypochromic microcytic red cells Note the small size in comparison to the nucleus of the small erythrocyte. The erythrocytes are variable in size (anisocytosis); however, the major feature is the hypochromia the area of central pallor extends to around 60-70% of the cell diameter. Clinical condition: iron deficiency
			</span>

	'''Clinical Image 2:''' Hypochromic microcytic red cells In this case the overall staining and background is more grey in shade; however the appearance is otherwise identical to the previous example. Two elongated pencil cells are also shown. Clinical condition: iron deficiency		'''Clinical Image 2:''' Hypochromic microcytic red cells In this case the overall staining and background is more grey in shade; however the appearance is otherwise identical to the previous example. Two elongated pencil cells are also shown. Clinical condition: iron deficiency

John at 11:59, 20 March 2023

2023-03-20T11:59:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:59, 20 March 2023
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	\|Anaemia of chronic disease		\|Anaemia of chronic disease
	\|-		\|-
	!Less commonly: Sideroblastic anaemia, Heavy metal poisoning		\|Less commonly: Sideroblastic anaemia, Heavy metal poisoning
	\|-		\|-
	!'''DISORDERS OF HAEMOGLOBIN'''		!'''DISORDERS OF HAEMOGLOBIN'''

John at 11:58, 20 March 2023

2023-03-20T11:58:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:58, 20 March 2023
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	\|Anaemia of chronic disease		\|Anaemia of chronic disease
	\|-		\|-
	!~~'''Dyserythropoietic states'''~~		!Less commonly: Sideroblastic anaemia, Heavy metal poisoning
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''~~Infiltrated bone marrow~~'''~~: (look also for white cell precursor cells): consider leukaemia, myelofibrosis or infiltrating solid tumour.~~		!'''DISORDERS OF HAEMOGLOBIN'''
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~'''Haemoglobinopathy'''~~ (~~thalassaemia – most particularly haemoglobin H disease~~)		\|Thalassaemia syndromes: are the principle inherited cause of hypochromia (look for associated features)
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~'''Dyserythropoiesis''' - particularly sideroblastic anaemias~~		\|Other haemoglobinopathies: tend not to be hypochromic unless there is associated thalassaemia or iron deficiency. There may be a mild microcytosis.
	\|-
	~~\|'''Megaloblastic anaemias'''~~
	\|-
	~~!'''Pathways of RNA breakdown are impaired'''~~
	\|-
	~~\|'''Poisoning''' (classically heavy metal, particularly lead, also consider arsenic)~~
	\|-
	~~\|'''Pyrimidine 5’ nucleotidase~~ deficiency~~'''~~
	\|}		\|}
	</div>		</div>


	~~Iron deficiency~~
	~~Anaemia of chronic disease~~
	~~Sideroblastic anaemia~~
	~~Heavy metal poisoning~~
	Pathological causes		Pathological causes
	Thalassaemia syndromes: are the principle inherited cause of hypochromia (look for associated features)		Thalassaemia syndromes: are the principle inherited cause of hypochromia (look for associated features)

John at 11:55, 20 March 2023

2023-03-20T11:55:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:55, 20 March 2023
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	{\| class="wikitable" style="color:black; background-color:#ffffff;" cellpadding="15"		{\| class="wikitable" style="color:black; background-color:#ffffff;" cellpadding="15"

	!'''~~NORMAL INDIVIDUALS~~'''		!'''DEFECTIVE IRON AVAILABILITY OR USAGE'''
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~Generally fine stippling – this may particularly be seen when there is an increased need for red cells e.g. during haemolysis, but also a range of reactive states~~		\|Iron deficiency
	\|-		\|-
	~~!'''PATHOLOGICAL CAUSES'''~~		\|Anaemia of chronic disease
	\|-
	~~\|Generally coarse stippling. Two basic pathological processes may contribute to significant basophilic stippling in mature erythrocytes~~
	\|-		\|-
	!'''Dyserythropoietic states'''		!'''Dyserythropoietic states'''
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	</div>		</div>

	~~Defective iron availability or usage~~
	Iron deficiency		Iron deficiency
	Anaemia of chronic disease		Anaemia of chronic disease

John at 11:53, 20 March 2023

2023-03-20T11:53:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:53, 20 March 2023
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	----		----

			<div style="width: 95%; overflow: auto; border: 1px solid navy; font-size:90%">
			{\| class="wikitable" style="color:black; background-color:#ffffff;" cellpadding="15"

			!'''NORMAL INDIVIDUALS'''
			\|-
			\|Generally fine stippling – this may particularly be seen when there is an increased need for red cells e.g. during haemolysis, but also a range of reactive states
			\|-
			!'''PATHOLOGICAL CAUSES'''
			\|-
			\|Generally coarse stippling. Two basic pathological processes may contribute to significant basophilic stippling in mature erythrocytes
			\|-
			!'''Dyserythropoietic states'''
			\|-
			\|'''Infiltrated bone marrow''': (look also for white cell precursor cells): consider leukaemia, myelofibrosis or infiltrating solid tumour.
			\|-
			\|'''Haemoglobinopathy''' (thalassaemia – most particularly haemoglobin H disease)
			\|-
			\|'''Dyserythropoiesis''' - particularly sideroblastic anaemias
			\|-
			\|'''Megaloblastic anaemias'''
			\|-
			!'''Pathways of RNA breakdown are impaired'''
			\|-
			\|'''Poisoning''' (classically heavy metal, particularly lead, also consider arsenic)
			\|-
			\|'''Pyrimidine 5’ nucleotidase deficiency'''
			\|}
			</div>

	Defective iron availability or usage		Defective iron availability or usage

John at 11:51, 20 March 2023

2023-03-20T11:51:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:51, 20 March 2023
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	----		----

	~~<div style="width: 95%; overflow: auto; border: 1px solid navy; font-size:90%">~~
	~~{\| class="wikitable" style="color:black; background-color:#ffffff;" cellpadding="15"~~
	~~!colspan="1" \|'''Big Title'''~~
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	~~\|Information 1~~
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	~~!colspan="1"\| '''Big Title 2'''~~
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	~~!colspan="1"\| '''Big title 3'''~~
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	~~</div>~~

	Defective iron availability or usage		Defective iron availability or usage